how does diabetes mellitus affect the kidneys

Diabetes mellitus can impair kidney function, often resulting in a decline in glomerular filtration rate and the onset of proteinuria. As the disease advances, individuals may progress to diabetic nephropathy, with severe cases potentially leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Hyperglycemia initially damages the renal microvasculature, which in turn affects the glomeruli's normal filtration capacity. In the early stages, patients might exhibit microalbuminuria, characterized by the presence of small amounts of protein in the urine. With disease progression, proteinuria increases, the glomerular filtration rate diminishes, and this can ultimately culminate in renal failure. Furthermore, diabetes may induce renal enlargement, exacerbating the strain on the kidneys.

Hence, it is imperative for individuals with diabetes to regularly monitor their kidney function and urinary protein levels. Upon detecting any abnormalities, they should promptly consult a healthcare provider and adjust their treatment regimen under medical supervision. Additionally, patients must manage their blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles diligently and maintain a healthy lifestyle to mitigate the progression of renal pathology.