What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats due to an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or impaired insulin utilization, with hyperglycemia as its hallmark. The disease

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Etiology of diabetes

What are the causes of diabetes

Generally, a series of metabolic disorder syndromes, such as sugar, protein, fat, water and electrolyte, are caused by various pathogenic factors, such as genetic factors, immune disorders, microbial infections and their toxins, free radical toxins, and mental factors, which act on the body and lead to the decline of pancreatic islet function, insulin resistance, etc. Clinically, it is characterized by hyperglycemia. Typical cases can show the symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, polydipsia, and emaciation, that is, "three more and less". Once diabetes (blood sugar) is not well controlled, it will lead to complications, leading to exhaustion lesions in the kidney, eyes, feet, and other parts, and can not be cured

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inheritance

1. Genetic factors significantly contribute to the development of Type 1 diabetes, with more than 50 genetic variants

environment

2. The specific environmental factors contributing to Type 1 diabetes remain uncertain, although viral infections such as rubella, mumps, and Coxsackie

autoimmune

3. Defects in the autoimmune system arise from the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. This leads the immune system to mistakenly

Medical examination

What are the relevant tests for diagnosing diabetes?

Physical Examination

Measurements include height, abdominal circumference, weight, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Laboratory Tests

Fasting Blood Glucose : Assesses the body's ability to maintain stable glucose metabolism in the absence of food.

Precautions

Ensure fasting for at least 10 hours prior to testing, abstaining from food after midnight the day before. - Discontinue use of medications such as vitamin C, penicillin, salicylates, contraceptives, and diuretics before testing, as they can interfere with results. - During the oral glucose tolerance test, abstain from tea, coffee, smoking, and vigorous physical activity.

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Medical examination

Incidence of diabetes

Incidence of diabetes

Diabetes is a prevalent condition with a rising incidence worldwide. Currently, both the prevalence and incidence rates are sharply increasing on a global scale. According to the latest data from epidemiological studies, and based on WHO diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of diabetes in China has reached 11.2%. Statistics from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) indicate that in 2017, there were approximately 425 million adults with diabetes globally, with prevalence rates of about 8.4% in women and 9.1% in men aged 20-79 years. It is projected that by 2045, the global diabetic population could reach 629 million. In China, diabetes prevalence is also expanding rapidly, reaching 114.4 million adults aged 20-79 in 2017, the highest in any country. Yet, the diagnosis rate in China is only 30-40%, meaning that only 3 to 4 out of every 10 individuals with diabetes are aware of their condition.

Type of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is relatively rare and most often diagnosed in children and adolescents, accounting for less than 1% of diabetes cases in China. It can be classified into immune-mediated and idiopathic types based on etiology.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent form, representing over 95% of diabetes cases in China, and is caused by insulin resistance, progressive deficiency in insulin secretion, or a combination of both. There are also special types of diabetes, which include those caused by genetic defects in β-cell function, genetic defects in insulin action, diseases affecting the exocrine pancreas, or other endocrine conditions, as well as diabetes induced by drugs, chemicals, infections, uncommon immune-mediated diabetes, and various genetic syndromes associated with diabetes. Gestational diabetes is characterized by significant hyperglycemia first identified after the 24th week of pregnancy in individuals who had normal glucose levels prior to or in the early stages of pregnancy.

Symptoms of diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes

Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. At, Diabetes typically progresses through several stages: Initially, patients may undergo diabetes-related pathophysiological changes while maintaining normal glucose tolerance. As the disease advances, a prediabetic state develops, marking a transitional phase between normal glucose regulation and diabetic hyperglycemia, characterized by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), eventually leading to diabetes.

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Treatment Plan

The treatment goals for diabetes include managing symptoms, preventing acute metabolic emergencies, averting chronic complications, and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with diabetes. Establishing a comprehensive diabetes education and management system is essential to provide personalized guidance on lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy.

What are the common treatment measures for diabetes? Diabetes management necessitates a holistic approach. Given the variations in conditions and ages among diabetic patients, their treatment plans also differ. However, regardless of the type or severity of diabetes, dietary management is vital. Patients and their families should acquire extensive knowledge about diabetes to enhance self-management skills and engage proactively for improved control outcomes. The five foundational elements of comprehensive diabetes management, often referred to as the "five-point framework," include education, medical nutrition therapy, exercise, medication, and blood glucose monitoring.

Due to considerable individual variability, no medication is universally the best, fastest, or most effective. Besides over-the-counter options, a doctor should guide the choice of the most appropriate medication, taking personal circumstances into account. Currently, diabetes treatments are broadly categorized into oral medications and injectable formulations.

The primary surgical intervention for obesity-related Type 2 diabetes is metabolic surgery. **Indications**: Candidates include those aged 18-60 who are generally well and have Type 2 diabetes with blood sugar levels that are hard to control through lifestyle and medication, or those with additional cardiovascular risk factors.

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